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<title>Language localisation</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Language localisation</span></span>

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:none;padding-top:0;"><a href="Translation" title="Translation">Translation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;">

Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Legal_translation" title="Legal translation">Legal</a></li>

<li><a href="Translation#Literary_translation" title="Translation">Literary</a></li>

<li><a href="Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Bible</a></li>

<li><a href="Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Quran</a></li>

<li><a href="Tirukkural_translations" title="Tirukkural translations">Kural</a></li>

<li><a href="Linguistic_validation" title="Linguistic validation">Linguistic validation</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_translation" title="Medical translation">Medical</a></li>

<li><a href="Regulatory_translation" title="Regulatory translation">Regulatory</a></li>

<li><a href="Technical_translation" title="Technical translation">Technical</a></li>

<li><a href="Language_interpretation" title="Language interpretation">Interpretation</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_translation" title="Cultural translation">Cultural</a></li>

<li><a href="Sense-for-sense_translation" title="Sense-for-sense translation">Sense-for-sense</a></li>

<li><a href="Homophonic_translation" title="Homophonic translation">Homophonic</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;">

Theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Translation_studies" title="Translation studies">Translation studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Skopos_theory" title="Skopos theory">Skopos theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Translation_project" title="Translation project">Translation project</a></li>

<li><a href="Translation_criticism" title="Translation criticism">Translation criticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Equivalence_(translation)" title="Equivalence (translation)">Equivalence</a></li>

<li><a href="Contrastive_linguistics" title="Contrastive linguistics">Contrastive linguistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Polysystem_theory" title="Polysystem theory">Polysystem theory</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;">

Technologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<li><a href="Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Machine translation</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_translation" title="Mobile translation">Mobile translation</a></li>

<li><a href="Translation_management_system" title="Translation management system">Translation management system</a></li>

<li><a href="Dubbing" title="Dubbing">Dubbing</a></li>

<li><a href="Subtitles" title="Subtitles">Subtitling</a></li>

<li><a href="Pre-editing" title="Pre-editing">Pre-editing</a></li>

<li><a href="Postediting" title="Postediting">Postediting</a></li>

<li><a href="Multimedia_translation" title="Multimedia translation">Multimedia translation</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;">

Localization</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Glocalization" title="Glocalization">Glocalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">Internationalization and localization</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_game_localization" title="Video game localization">Video game localization</a></li>

<li><a href="Dubbing_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">Dub localization</a></li>

<li><a href="Website_localization" title="Website localization">Website localization</a></li>

<li><a href="Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">Software localization</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;">

Institutional</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li>Associations</li>

<li>Awards</li>

<li>Organizations</li>

<li>Schools</li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;">

Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Untranslatability" title="Untranslatability">Untranslatability</a></li>

<li><a href="Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">Transcription</a></li>

<li><a href="Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_relay_service" title="Video relay service">Video relay service</a> (VRS)</li>

<li><a href="Telephone_interpreting" title="Telephone interpreting">Telephone interpreting</a></li>

<li><a href="Language_barrier" title="Language barrier">Language barrier</a></li>

<li><a href="Fan_translation" title="Fan translation">Fan translation</a> (<a href="Fan_translation_of_video_games" title="Fan translation of video games">of video games</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Fansub" title="Fansub">Fansub</a></li>

<li><a href="Fandub" title="Fandub">Fandub</a></li>

<li><a href="Scanlation" title="Scanlation">Scanlation</a></li>

<li><a href="Journalistic_translation" title="Journalistic translation">Journalistic translation</a></li>

<li>Books and magazines on translation</li>

<li>Bible translations by language</li>

<li>Translated books

<ul><li><a href="List_of_literary_works_by_number_of_translations" title="List of literary works by number of translations">List of most translated works</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Translators</li>

<li><a href="List_of_Tirukkural_translations_by_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Tirukkural translations by language">Kural translations by language</a></li></ul></td>

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<p><b>Language localisation</b> (or <b>language localization</b>) is the process of adapting a product's translation to a specific country or region. It is the second phase of a larger process of product translation and cultural adaptation (for specific countries, regions, cultures or groups) to account for differences in distinct markets, a process known as <a href="Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">internationalisation and localisation</a>.

</p><p>Language localisation differs from <a href="Translation" title="Translation">translation activity</a> because it involves a comprehensive study of the target culture in order to correctly adapt the product to local needs. Localisation can be referred to by the <a href="Numeronym" title="Numeronym">numeronym</a> <b>L10N</b> (as in: "L", followed by the number 10, and then "N").

</p><p>The localisation process is most generally related to the cultural adaptation and translation of <a href="Software_localization" class="mw-redirect" title="Software localization">software</a>, <a href="Video_game_localization" title="Video game localization">video games</a>, <a href="Website" title="Website">websites</a>, and <a href="Technical_communication" title="Technical communication">technical communication</a>, as well as audio/<a href="Voiceover" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceover">voiceover</a>, <a href="Video" title="Video">video</a>, <a href="Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a>, <a href="Script_typeface" title="Script typeface">script</a> or other <a href="Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> content, and less frequently to any written translation (which may also involve cultural adaptation processes).

</p><p>Localisation can be done for regions or countries where people speak different languages or where the same language is spoken. For instance, different <a href="German_dialects" title="German dialects">dialects of German</a>, with <a href="Idiom" title="Idiom">different idioms</a>, are spoken in <a href="Standard_German" title="Standard German">Germany</a>, <a href="Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austria</a>, <a href="Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Switzerland</a>, and <a href="German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium" title="German-speaking Community of Belgium">Belgium</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_overall_process:_internationalisation,_globalisation,_and_localisation">The overall process: internationalisation, globalisation, and localisation</h2></div>

<p>The former <a href="Localization_Industry_Standards_Association" title="Localization Industry Standards Association">Localization Industry Standards Association</a> (LISA) said that <b>globalisation</b> "can best be thought of as a cycle rather than a single process".<sup id="cite_ref-lisa-whatis_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lisa-whatis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To <i>globalise</i> is to plan the design and development methods for a product in advance, keeping in mind a multicultural audience, in order to avoid increased costs and quality problems, save time, and smooth the localising effort for each region or country.

</p>

<p>There are two primary technical processes that comprise globalisation: internationalisation and localisation.

</p><p>The first phase, <b>internationalisation</b>, encompasses the planning and preparation stages for a product built to support global markets. This process removes all cultural assumptions, and country- or language-specific content is stored so that it can be easily adapted. If this content is not separated during this phase, it must be fixed during localisation, adding time and expense to the project. In extreme cases, products that are not internationalised may not be localisable. Internationalization is often written as 'i18n' in the localization industry, where the number 18 is the number of letters between i and n in the English word.<sup id="cite_ref-w3.org_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w3.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The second phase, <b>localisation</b>, refers to the actual adaptation of the product for a specific market. The localisation phase involves, among other things, the four issues LISA describes as <i>linguistic</i>, <i>physical</i>, <i>business and cultural</i>, and <i>technical</i> issues. Localization is sometimes written as 'l10n', where the number 10 refers to the number of letters between l and n.<sup id="cite_ref-w3.org_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w3.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>At the end of each phase, testing (including <a href="Quality_assurance" title="Quality assurance">quality assurance</a>) is performed to ensure that the product works properly and meets the client's quality expectations.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translation_versus_localisation">Translation versus localisation</h3></div>

<p>Though it is sometimes difficult to draw the limits between translation and localisation, in general localisation addresses significant, non-textual components of products or services. In addition to translation (and, therefore, <a href="Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> and <a href="Spelling" title="Spelling">spelling issues</a> that vary from place to place where the same language is spoken), the localisation process might include adapting graphics; adopting local currencies; using proper format for date and time, addresses, and phone numbers applicable to the location; the choices of colours; cultural references; and many other details, including rethinking the physical structure of a product. All these changes aim to recognise local sensitivities; avoid conflict with local culture, customs, and common habits; and enter the local market by merging into its needs and desires. To sum up, localisation always starts with a translation process followed by adaptations regarding linguistic and cultural factors.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>For example, localisation aims to offer country-specific websites of the same company or different editions of a book depending on where it is published. It must be kept in mind that a political entity such as a country is not the same as a language or culture; even in countries where there exists a substantially identical relationship between a language and a political entity, there are almost certainly multiple cultures and multiple minority languages even if the minority languages are spoken by transient populations. For instance, <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>'s national language is <a href="Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> and is the primary language for <a href="Japan#Languages" title="Japan">over 99% of the population</a>, but the country also recognises <a href="Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">11 languages officially</a>; others are spoken by transient populations, and others yet are spoken as second or other languages.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Globalisation_versus_localisation">Globalisation versus localisation</h3></div>

<p>Whereas localisation is the process of adapting one product to a particular locale, globalisation designs the product to minimise the extra work required for each localisation.

</p><p>Suppose that a company operating exclusively in <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> chooses to open a major office in <a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and needs a <a href="Standard_Russian" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Russian">Russian-language</a> website. The company offers the same products and services in both countries with minor differences, but perhaps some elements that appeared in the original website intended for a German audience are offensive or upsetting in Russia (use of flags, colours, nationalistic images, songs, etc.). Thus, that company might lose a potential market because of small details of presentation.

</p><p>Furthermore, this company might need to adapt the product to its new buyers; <a href="Video_game_localization" title="Video game localization">video games</a> are the best example.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Now, suppose instead that this company has major offices in a dozen countries and needs a specifically designed website in each of these countries. Before deciding how to localise the website and the products offered in any given country, a professional in the area might advise the company to create an overall strategy: to globalise the way the organisation does business. The company might want to design a framework to codify and support this global strategy. The globalisation strategy and the globalisation framework would provide uniform guidance for the twelve separate localisation efforts.

</p><p>Globalisation is especially important in mitigating extra work involved in the long-term cycle of localisation. Because localisation is usually a cycle and not a one-time project, there are new texts, updates, and projects to localise. For example, as the original website is updated over time, each already translated and localised website must be updated. This work cycle is continuous as long as the original project continues to evolve. A streamlined globalisation processes is therefore important for ongoing changes.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Localisation_technology">Localisation technology</h2></div>

<p>The use of technology has developed into an important aspect of translation and localization. The industry now holds a strong preference for the use of technology in the translation, editing, and proofreading process as it provides major benefits in project management workflow automation, terminology consistency, quality assurance. The most commonly used language technologies include:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Translation_management_system" title="Translation management system">Translation Management Systems (TMS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer-assisted_translation" title="Computer-assisted translation">Computer Aided/Assisted Translation (CAT)</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Machine Translation (MT)</a></li>

<li><a href="Translation_memory" title="Translation memory">Translation Memory (TM)</a></li>

<li><a href="Content_management_system" title="Content management system">Content Management Systems (CMS)</a> with APIs</li></ul>

<p>A Translation Management System (TMS) is a software program that supports the organization and facilitation of translation and localisation projects. A localisation project usually involves multiple individuals often located in different locales, this makes the TMS a necessary tool in piecing together everyone's efforts. The TMS provides organization and automation to the project management workflow, collects project data, generates reports, and integrates necessary elements such as machine translation (MT), translation memory (TM), and sometimes provides access to quality assurance tools.

</p><p>In essence, the TMS provides a workbench for all the necessary tools involved in a successful translation and localization operation.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_tags_and_codes">Language tags and codes</h2></div>

<p><a href="Language_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Language codes">Language codes</a> are closely related to the localising process because they indicate the locales involved in the translation and adaptation of the product. They are used in various contexts; for example, they might be informally used in a document published by the European Union<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or they might be introduced in <a href="HTML_element" title="HTML element">HTML element</a> under the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">

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</style><span class="monospaced">lang</span> attribute. In the case of the European Union style guide, the language codes are based on the <a href="ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a> alpha-2 code; in HTML, the <a href="IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">language tags</a> are generally defined within the Internet Engineering Task Force's <i><a href="Best_Current_Practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Best Current Practice">Best Current Practice</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47">(BCP) 47</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision to use one type of code or tag versus another depends upon the nature of the project and any requirements set out for the localisation specialist.

</p><p>Most frequently, there is a primary subcode that identifies the language (e.g., "en"), and an optional subcode in capital letters that specifies the national variety (e.g., "GB" or "US" according to <a href="ISO_3166-1_alpha-2" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-2">ISO 3166-1 alpha-2</a>). The subcodes are typically linked with a hyphen, though in some contexts it's necessary to substitute this with an underscore.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There are multiple language tag systems available for language codification. For example, the <a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) specifies both two- and three-letter codes to represent languages in standards <a href="ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a> and <a href="ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a>, respectively.

</p>

<caption>Examples of language tags

</caption>

<th scope="col">Language family

</th>

<th scope="col">Language tag

</th>

<th scope="col">Language variant

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="6"><b>Arabic</b>

</td>

<td>Algerian Arabic

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Egyptian Arabic

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Arabic (Iraq)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Moroccan Arabic

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Saudi Arabian Arabic

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Arabic (United Arab Emirates)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="2"><b>Bangla</b>

</td>

<td>Bangla (Bangladesh)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Bangla (India)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="3"><b>Chinese</b>

</td>

<td>Mainland China, simplified characters

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Taiwan, traditional characters

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Hong Kong, traditional characters

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="2"><b>Dutch</b>

</td>

<td>Belgian Dutch (aka Flemish)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Standard Dutch (as spoken in The Netherlands)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="9"><b>English</b>

</td>

<td>British English

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>American English

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Canadian English

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Indian English

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Irish English

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Australian English

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>New Zealand English

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>South African English

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Singapore English

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="5"><b>French</b>

</td>

<td>Belgian French

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Swiss French

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>French of France

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Canadian French

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Luxembourgish French

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="3"><b>German</b>

</td>

<td>Austrian German

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Standard German (as spoken in Germany)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Swiss German

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="2"><b>Italian</b>

</td>

<td>Swiss Italian

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Standard Italian (as spoken in Italy)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="2"><b>Korean</b>

</td>

<td>North Korea, Chosŏn'gŭl characters

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>South Korea, Hangul characters

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="4"><b>Portuguese</b>

</td>

<td>European Portuguese (as written and spoken in Portugal)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Brazilian Portuguese

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Angolan Portuguese

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Mozambican Portuguese

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><b>Sinhala</b>

</td>

<td>si-LK

</td>

<td>Sri Lankan Sinhala

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="9"><b>Spanish</b>

</td>

<td>Castilian Spanish (as spoken in Central-Northern Spain)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Mexican Spanish

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Argentine Spanish

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Colombian Spanish

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Chilean Spanish

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Peruvian Spanish

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Venezuelan Spanish

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Dominican Spanish

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Cuban Spanish

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="2"><b>Swedish</b>

</td>

<td>Finland Swedish

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Standard Swedish (as spoken in Sweden)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="2"><b>Tamil</b>

</td>

<td>Indian Tamil

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Sri Lankan Tamil

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><b>Tamazight</b>

</td>

<td>zgh-MA

</td>

<td>Standard Moroccan Tamazight

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li><a href="American_and_British_English_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="American and British English differences">American and British English differences</a></li>

<li><a href="Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">Internationalization and localization</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Spanish dialects and varieties</a></li>

<li><a href="Transcreation" title="Transcreation">Transcreation</a></li>

<li><a href="Translation" title="Translation">Translation</a></li>

<li><a href="Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">Variety (linguistics)</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenization" title="Indigenization">Indigenization</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>BCP</i> is a persistent name for a series of IETF <a href="Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">Request for Comments</a> (RFCs) whose numbers change as they are updated. As of 2015-05-28, the latest included RFC about the principles of language tags is <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5646" class="extiw external" title="rfc:5646">RFC 5646</a>, <i>Tags for the Identification of Languages</i>.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110101205931/http://www.lisa.org/What-Is-Globalization.48.0.html">"What is Globalization?"</a>. <i>LISA</i>. Romainmôtier, Switzerland: Localization Industry Standards Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lisa.org/What-Is-Globalization.48.0.html">the original</a> on January 1, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-w3.org-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-w3.org_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-w3.org_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-i18n">"Localization vs. Internationalization"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://novalo.com/en/key-differences-between-localization-transcreation-translation/">"The Key Differences Between Transcreation, Localization and Translation"</a>. 26 January 2024.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChandler2008" class="citation journal cs1">Chandler, Heather Maxwell (October–November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501112911/http://www.multilingual.com/articleDetail.php?id=1485">"Practical skills for video game translators"</a>. <i>MultiLingual</i>. Sandpoint, Idaho: MultiLingual Computing. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multilingual.com/articleDetail.php?id=1485">the original</a> on 2015-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-31</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCrosignaniBallistaMinazzi2008" class="citation journal cs1">Crosignani, Simone; Ballista, Andrea; Minazzi, Fabio (October–November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501104803/http://www.multilingual.com/articleDetail.php?id=1486">"Preserving the spell in games localization"</a>. <i>MultiLingual</i>. Sandpoint, Idaho: MultiLingual Computing. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multilingual.com/articleDetail.php?id=1486">the original</a> on 2015-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-31</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-370200.htm">"7.2.1. Order of language versions and ISO codes (multilingual texts)"</a>. <i>Interinstitutional style guide</i>. Europa Publications Office. 1 July 2010.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFdrepper2007" class="citation web cs1">drepper (18 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sources.redhat.com/cgi-bin/cvsweb.cgi/libc/localedata/SUPPORTED?rev=1.102&content-type=text/x-cvsweb-markup&cvsroot=glibc">"libc/localedata/SUPPORTED - view - 1.102"</a>. <i>sources.redhat.com</i>. Red Hat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite> (List of supported locales in the GNU <span class="monospaced">libc</span> library.)</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-04-02" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Language_localisation&oldid=1283551541">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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